Oasis di Padang Karang Walengkabola

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Wisatawan lokal menikmati kesegaran danau Moko dengan melompat dari tepiannya.

Morfologi Walengkabola adalah hamparan batu-batu gunung dan karang-karang lautan. Akan tetapi ada potensi ekologis yang menghidupi orang-orang disana. Terdapat mata air Kamonu dan Danau Moko di desa itu. Ia masuk ke dalam wilayah administratif pemerintahan Kabupaten Muna, Sulawesi Tenggara. Tidak hanya itu, desa yang kini mencapai luas 3 hektar itu juga kaya akan mata air. Tersebar di pemukiman penduduk. Kawasan hutannya juga ditemukan beberapa telaga.

Orang-orang Walengkabola paham satu hal. Bahwa anugerah limpahan mata air dan eksotisme danau Moko bukanlah warisan dari para pendahulu. Tetapi, tak lebih dari sebuah pinjaman oleh generasi-generasi penerus di masa depan. Mindset itu menjaga penduduk sekitar untuk bersikap bijak dalam memanfaatkan sumberdaya air. Asas kelestarian lebih diutamakan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan air penduduk.

Anugerah danau, telaga dan mata air telah memberi kehidupan bagi penduduk disana. Warga lokal menjadikan danau Moko sebagai wisata geopark. Mereka menjaga kelestarian danau beserta telaga secara turun temurun agar tak tercemar.

Etnis Muna yang mendiami Walengkabola mengartikan Moko sebagai sebuah lubang yang besar. Seperti kawah yang terisi air. Tepiannya berupa batu-batu karang. Sangat terjal. Ketinggian jurangnya mencapai 3 hingga 5 meter dari permukaan danau. Lokasi Moko berdampingan dengan pemukiman warga. Jaraknya pun berdekatan dengan pesisir pantai. Sehingga debit air Moko selau mengikuti jadwal pasang surut air laut. Meskipun begitu adanya,danau itu tidak pernah surut. Rasa airnya berbeda. Perpaduan antara asin dan tawar.

Kepala Desa Walengkabola, Safar, menuturkan bahwa sebelum jumlah penduduk sebanyak sekarang ini, Moko dan beberapa telaga ditemukan oleh leluhur. Terpendam di dalam kawasan hutan. Ketika itu warga mengolah lahan untuk keperluan perkebunan. “Waktu itu, orang-orang tua disini merendam daun kolope disana”, tutur safar. Daun kolope adalah kulit ubi hutan yang telah dikupas. Warga memanfaatkannya sebagai bahan pangan.

Berdasar hasil seminar nasional kebumian ke-11 Departemen Teknik Geologi Universitas Dipenogero, di Graha Sabha Pramana (2018) tentang “Inventarisasi, Identifikasi dan Karakterisasi Geosites di Kawasan Karst Pulau Muna Bagian Timur”, oleh Kristopanus Patiung Lantemona dkk, menjelaskan danau Moko terbentuk melalui pembentukan dolina dengan bentukan dolina corong. Dolina corong merupakan dolina amblesan yang terbentuk karena lapisan batu gamping ambles secara perlahan-lahan. Akibat dari adanya rongga di bawah lapisan batu gamping. Rongga ini disebabkan adanya aliran air bawah permukaan. Dolina tipe ini tercirikan dari rombakan batu gamping dengan sortasi jelek di dasar dolina dan lereng yang miring hingga terjal.

Di danau ini pernah ditemukan beberapa ekor penyu hijau dan penyu sisik. Warga setempat juga pernah melepas seekor lumba-lumba di danau tersebut. Selain itu juga, pernah ditemukan spesies ikan endemik Pulau Muna melalui kegiatan ekspedisi gua hasil kerjasama antara peneliti Indonesia (P2 Biologi LIPI), Perancis (MNHN), Inggris (NHM), Spanyol (IMEDEA) dan Australia yang dinamakan Diancistrus typhlops.

Aspek tourism danau Moko menjadi komoditas yang bernilai ekonomis bagi pemerintah desa untuk menyejahterakan warganya. Sumber PAD baru. Keputusan tokoh-tokoh adat setempat untuk melarang penebangan serampangan sangat tepat dalam menjaga suasana danau itu tetap teduh.

Eksotisme danau dibarengi kearifan warga setempat telah menjadi daya tarik tersendiri bagi Walengkabola untuk dilirik oleh pemerintah. Kini, danau tersebut telah masuk ke dalam agenda pembangunan pariwisata Kabupaten Muna. Yang tentu memberi angin segar dan harapan baru bagi pelaku UKM setempat untuk memanjakan para petualang dan pecandu wisata yang berkunjung ke Moko.

Bagi yang telah jenuh dengan hiruk pikuk perkotaan dan ingin mencari ketenangan, danau Moko akan mengakhiri pencarian itu. Kebeningan air serta suasana teduhnya dapat melepas penat dan membebaskan diri dari penjara pikiran.

Aspek lain yang tak kalah penting dalam pemanfaatan sumberdaya air permukaan adalah pasokan air baku penduduk desa. Untuk kebutuhan tersebut, penduduk menggali sumur-sumur dengan kedalaman 1 hingga 2 meter. Letak geografis Desa Walengkabola yang berada di pesisir pantai memberi pengaruh terhadap kualitas air sumur. Kebanyakan sumur-sumur di desa masih didominasi rasa asin. Sehingga keberadaan sumur-sumur tidak digunakan untuk bahan konsumsi.

Untuk keperluan konsumtif warga sangat bergantung pada sumber-sumber mata air. Kamonu bukanlah satu-satunya sumber mata air. Struktur tanah yang sebagian besar adalah karst membentuk banyak goa-goa alam yang memiliki mata air.

Kamonu adalah mata air paling populer di Walengkabola. Di dalamnya terdapat stalagtit dan stalagmit. Ornamen itu menambah pesona keindahan goa Kamonu. Mata air Kamonu membentuk kolam dengan luas 5 x 10 meter. Kondisi airnya sejuk dan dingin. Kamonu merupakan mata air bawah permukaan. Mata air tersebut terdapat di dalam goa kapur pada kedalaman 10 meter dari permukaan tanah.

Banyaknya goa alam yang memiliki mata air yang tersebar di kawasan pemukiman penduduk membuat Walengkabola juga disebut Desa Oempu. “Oe” dalam bahasa setempat yang berarti air. Semua mata air tersebut menopang kehidupan warga, misalnya untuk air minum, memasak, mandi, mencuci pakaian, sumber irigasi. Selain itu, keberadaan mata air sebagai sumber air tawar utama dimanfaatkan untuk menopang objek wisata pantai Walengkabola.

Kualitas air yang dihasilkan dari mata air Kamonu dan mata air goa-goa alam lainnya sangat baik dan jernih, tidak berwarna dan tidak berbau. Bahkan untuk satu mata air yang tidak dimanfaatkan untuk mencuci, penduduk sekitar terkadang dapat langsung meminumnya.

Budaya masyarakat setempat yang mengedepankan prinsip-prinsip pelestarian lingkungan memberi pengaruh positif terhadap pengelolaan sumber-sumber mata air yang ada. Meski mata air melimpah proses distribusi air belum maksimal. Warga yang memanfaatkan jaringan perpipaan masih sebatas yang letaknya berdekatan dengan posisi mata air.

Keterbatasan itu menjadi peluang usaha baru. Sebagian warga berprofesi menjadi penjual air. Air dijual dalam kemasan jerigen. Satu jerigen kapasitas 20 liter dibanderol Rp 3000. Kebanyakan penduduk membeli air hanya untuk keperluan air minum dan mencuci kendaraan bermotor.

Pengelolaan sumber daya air di Walengkabola masih sangat tradisional. Sentuhan teknologi modern disertai kearifan budaya lokal akan sangat membantu pengelolaan sumber air dan keberlanjutan fungsi mata air bagi generasi penerus selanjutnya. Keberadaan mata air- mata air ini adalah oase yang menghidupkan bagi penduduk yang tinggal di atas bebatuan karang yang kerontang.

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